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ASSESSMENT: PARENT/TEACHING STYLE

WHAT IS MY PRIMARY PARENTING OR TEACHING STYLE? 

In the 1960s, psychologist Diana Baumrind originally identified three parenting styles: 1. Authoritative, 2. Authoritarian, and 3. Permissive/Indulgent. Later, researchers building on Baumrind’s work added a fourth style referred to as Neglectful/Avoidant. There is a wealth of research showing that teaching styles align with Baumrind’s work. Therefore, my work applies these four parenting styles to adults who teach children, whether in a classroom, a home daycare, or during extracurricular activities can benefit from this assessment.

Most adults use all four styles; however, they have a primary style, which has the greatest impact on children's developmental outcomes.

Before You Begin

This is not a test of whether you are a “good” or “bad” parent, teacher, coach, or caregiver. Most adults use aspects of all four styles depending on the child, situation, and circumstances.

For the assessment to be useful, answer according to what you generally believe and actually do, not what you think an ideal adult should do.

As you answer, ask yourself:

“What do I usually do?”

There is no perfect score. The goal is to identify your patterns, which will become clearer when you score the assessment.

Based on Baumrind's Dimensions of Adult Influence

Questions

Instructions: There are 40 statements. You will rate each statement1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. Using the response scale below, write down the number that represents your answer. For example, when you strongly disagree with the statement write 1, if you strongly agree with the statement, you will write 5. Once you have completed the Assessment, use the scoring instructions to discover your primary style.

1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neither Agree nor Disagree 4-Agree 5-Strongly Agree

  1. Children usually benefit when adults make expectations clear and expect them to be followed without extended discussion.
  2. When enforcing a rule creates considerable conflict, preserving the relationship can sometimes be more important than enforcing the rule.
  3. I believe children benefit when adults listen to their perspective while still accepting responsibility for decisions that appropriately belong to adults.
  4. As children become more independent, adults generally do not need to know very much about the details of their daily lives.
  5. A child can be disappointed by a reasonable boundary without the adult needing to change it.
  6. When adults have more experience than children, it is usually more efficient to tell children the best solution rather than spend considerable time allowing them to work it out.
  7. If a responsibility is creating repeated tension between an adult and child, relaxing the expectation may sometimes be better for the relationship.
  8. Children develop independence when adults allow them to handle most personal problems themselves unless they specifically ask for help.
  9. When children encounter problems they are capable of addressing, I prefer to ask questions and let them attempt solutions before I step in.
  10. Respect for adult authority is strengthened when children learn that some adult decisions are not open to discussion.
  11. 11. When I can easily complete a difficult task for a child, I sometimes prefer to do so rather than let the child become unnecessarily frustrated.
  12. 12. Children should learn to manage many emotional difficulties independently rather than expecting adults to discuss every concern with them.
  13. Listening to a child's feelings and maintaining a reasonable expectation can occur at the same time.
  14. In many situations, learning to obey an appropriate adult direction is more important than understanding the reason behind it.
  15. When a child becomes very frustrated with an activity, removing the demand may be more helpful than expecting the child to continue struggling.
  16. Unless a child is experiencing a serious problem, I generally believe it is best to allow the child to work things out without much adult involvement.
  17. As children's judgment develops, they should receive increasingly meaningful opportunities to make decisions for themselves.
  18. 18. When children repeatedly fail to meet an expectation, increasing firmness is often more effective than spending additional time exploring why they are struggling.
  19. If a child strongly resists a responsibility, I am often willing to reconsider whether the responsibility is really necessary.
  20. Children often become more capable when adults expect them to handle difficulties independently rather than routinely checking whether help is needed.
  21. When children are capable of attempting a problem independently, I prefer to give them an opportunity to try before providing the solution.
  22. Too much choice can weaken adult authority, so I generally prefer adults to make most decisions for children.
  23. Maintaining harmony with a child is sometimes more important than consistently following through on a rule or consequence.
  24. Children benefit from adults respecting their privacy, even when this means adults know relatively little about some areas of the child's life.
  25. When children make mistakes, reasonable accountability should be combined with an opportunity to understand what happened and try again.
  26. When a child is struggling, stronger expectations often communicate confidence more effectively than additional support.
  27. If a reasonable consequence is causing considerable distress, I sometimes believe maintaining emotional connection is more important than following through with the consequence.
  28. Adults do not need to be closely involved in children's interests, friendships, or activities for children to know that they care.
  29. Children should have regular opportunities to question, imagine, experiment, and develop ideas that adults did not provide for them.
  30. Children benefit most when adults teach them the correct way to approach a problem before allowing them to experiment with alternatives.
  31. When a task repeatedly upsets a child, reducing the expectation can sometimes be more supportive than helping the child work through the difficulty.
  32. Children can become overly dependent when adults provide frequent reassurance or emotional support.
  33. Greater freedom should generally follow demonstrated increases in judgment, responsibility, and capability.
  34. Even when a child has demonstrated that they can manage a task independently, continued adult oversight is often the best way to prevent avoidable mistakes.
  35. A caring adult should sometimes make life easier for children when doing so can prevent unnecessary disappointment or frustration.
  36. Becoming involved mainly when a problem becomes serious can help children learn to handle ordinary difficulties independently.
  37. Children benefit from manageable challenges when adults provide enough support for them to remain engaged without taking over.
  38. Allowing children substantial voice in decisions can make it more difficult for adults to maintain appropriate authority.
  39. A warm and supportive relationship is generally more important than consistently requiring children to meet responsibilities they strongly resist.
  40. Regularly checking whether children need help can interfere with their learning to solve problems independently.

Scoring Instructions

Before You Score

Your scores are information, not judgment.

Most adults will show characteristics of more than one style. You may become more controlling when worried, more permissive when exhausted, or less involved when competing demands consume your attention. No single score defines you.

Don't look for a label. Look for a pattern.

For each style, add your responses to the ten corresponding questions. Each scale can range from 10 to 50. Then divide the total by 10 to obtain an average between 1.0 and 5.0.

To find your score for each parenting style:
  1. Add up your answers for all the questions in that style. Your total will be between 10 and 50.
  2. Divide that total by 10.
  3. The result is your average score for that style, between 1.0 and 5.0.

Your highest average identifies the pattern with which your responses most strongly align, but all four scores provide useful information.

Authoritarian

Questions: 1, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38

Authoritative

Questions: 3, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37

Permissive

Questions: 2, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 35, 39

Uninvolved

Questions: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40

Understanding Your Results

These scores are for you. They are not a judgment of whether you are a good or bad parent, teacher, coach, or caregiver. They are simply a way to help you notice patterns in how you respond to children.

If you are unhappy or surprised by a score, remember: a pattern is not permanent. Once you recognize a habit, you can decide whether you want to change it.

This assessment gives you a starting point. You can strengthen the practices that support healthy development and begin changing those that may not be helping children as much as you intended.

Change takes practice, and no adult gets every interaction right. What matters is becoming more aware and more intentional over time.

It is never too late to change the way we influence a child's development.

Research Note: This is an educational self-reflection assessment, not a diagnostic or psychometrically validated psychological test. It is conceptually informed by parenting-style research and adapted for reflection on adult developmental influence. 

Examples of Parenting Styles

Infographic illustrating four parenting styles and their emotional impacts on children in response to distress.
Illustration comparing teacher responses to a student's disengagement, highlighting outcomes of authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved approaches.
Coaching styles impact player responses and outcomes, highlighting the importance of support and engagement.

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